Category: Religion

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The Pantheon In Rome

The Pantheon in Rome stands as a testament to the architectural prowess and cultural significance of ancient Rome. Completed by Emperor Hadrian around 126 AD, this iconic structure has withstood the test of time, remaining one of the best-preserved buildings from antiquity. The term “Pantheon” itself, derived from Greek roots meaning “all gods,” reflects its original purpose as a temple dedicated to all Roman deities.

Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3-metre diameter sphere fits under its dome.

One of the Pantheon’s most striking features is its massive dome, a marvel of engineering that remained unrivaled for centuries. The dome’s design showcases the ingenuity of Roman architects, as it was constructed using a combination of concrete and lightweight materials. The oculus, a large opening at the apex of the dome, not only adds to the building’s aesthetic appeal but also serves a functional purpose, allowing natural light to filter into the interior.

The Dome from inside looking upwards

Upon entering the Pantheon, visitors are greeted by a vast, circular space adorned with intricate marble columns and a stunning coffered ceiling. The interior layout, characterized by its harmonious proportions, creates a sense of grandeur and balance. The attention to detail in the Pantheon’s design reflects the Romans’ commitment to architectural excellence and their desire to create structures that embodied both beauty and functionality.

Over the centuries, the Pantheon has undergone various transformations. Originally a pagan temple, it was later consecrated as a Christian church, helping to preserve its integrity and protect it from the neglect that befell many ancient Roman structures. This adaptability underscores the Pantheon’s resilience and its ability to transcend its original religious context.

The Pantheon’s influence extends beyond its architectural significance. Artists, architects, and scholars throughout history have drawn inspiration from its design, making it a timeless symbol of classical aesthetics. Its impact is evident in numerous architectural works, both in Europe and beyond, showcasing the enduring legacy of Roman engineering and design principles.

In conclusion, the Pantheon in Rome remains an architectural marvel and a cultural treasure. Its dome, interior layout, and adaptability highlight the ingenuity of ancient Roman builders. As a symbol of both pagan worship and Christian devotion, the Pantheon reflects the ever-evolving nature of historical and cultural narratives. Visiting this iconic structure allows us to step back in time and appreciate the enduring legacy of Roman engineering and artistic achievement.

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The Divine Canvas: Exploring Artistic Depictions of the Birth of Jesus

Peter Paul Rubens, oil on canvas, 1633-34, Kings college Cambridge, UK

Art has been a powerful conduit for expressing religious narratives, and few stories have captured the imagination of artists throughout history as profoundly as the birth of Jesus. The nativity scene, with its rich symbolism and spiritual resonance, has inspired a myriad of works that span centuries, cultures, and artistic styles. In this essay, we will delve into the diverse representations of the Nativity and examine how artists have interpreted this sacred event.

Birth of the Virgin fresco, c. 1314, King’s Church, Studenica Monastery, Serbia

Early Christian Icons: Simplicity and Symbolism

In the early Christian era, the Nativity was often depicted in frescoes and icons. These works, characterized by their simplicity and symbolic imagery, aimed to convey the theological significance of Christ’s birth. Artists focused on essential elements such as the Virgin Mary, the Christ Child, and the adoration of shepherds and wise men. The emphasis was on spiritual meaning rather than naturalistic representation.

Adoration of the Magi(unfinished), Leonardo da vinci 1481, Oil on wood, Uffezi Gallery, Florence Italy

Renaissance Splendor: Humanizing the Divine

During the Renaissance, artists embraced a more humanistic approach to religious subjects. The Nativity became an opportunity to showcase technical mastery and a nuanced understanding of anatomy, light, and perspective. Painters like Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli infused their works with a sense of awe and reverence while exploring the human aspect of the divine event. Mary’s tender gaze at the newborn Jesus and the intricate details of the stable setting became focal points of these masterpieces.

Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence, Caravaggio, 1609. 268 cm × 197 cm (106 in × 78 in)(Missing)

Baroque Drama: Theatricality and Emotion

The Baroque period ushered in a sense of drama and emotion in depictions of the Nativity. Artists like Caravaggio and Gian Lorenzo Bernini sought to evoke a visceral response from viewers. Caravaggio’s use of intense chiaroscuro heightened the emotional intensity, while Bernini’s sculptures conveyed the ecstasy and reverence of the moment. The Nativity scene transformed into a theatrical spectacle that invited viewers to engage on an emotional level.

Song of the Angels, 1881, Oil on canvas

19th Century Romanticism: Embracing the Sentimental

The 19th century witnessed a shift towards Romanticism, where artists sought to evoke sentiment and nostalgia. Nativity scenes during this period often emphasized the humble and rustic aspects of the setting, portraying the Holy Family in a more intimate, familial light. The works of artists like Adolphe-William Bouguereau reflected a softer, emotionally charged interpretation of the Nativity, inviting viewers to connect with the tender moments of Jesus’ birth.

Marc Chargall, Nativity, 1950

Modern and Contemporary Perspectives: Diverse Interpretations

In the modern and contemporary era, artists have approached the Nativity with a wide range of interpretations. Some, like Marc Chagall and Henry Ossawa Tanner, embraced symbolic and abstract elements, infusing the traditional narrative with a personal and cultural context. Others, such as Salvador Dalí, experimented with surrealism, presenting the Nativity in dreamlike and fantastical compositions.

Conclusion: A Timeless Tapestry of Faith and Artistry

The artistic representations of the birth of Jesus form a timeless tapestry that weaves together faith, culture, and artistic innovation. From the serene simplicity of early Christian icons to the dramatic intensity of the Baroque period and the diverse interpretations of the present day, each era has contributed to the unfolding narrative of the Nativity. These works serve not only as visual testimonies of religious devotion but also as windows into the evolving expressions of spirituality and artistic creativity across the ages. The birth of Jesus, captured on canvases and in sculptures, continues to resonate as a source of inspiration and contemplation, inviting viewers to connect with the profound mysteries of faith and the enduring power of artistic expression.

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Michelangelo at Siena Cathedral

*Three Grace’s work is a 3rd century copy of Greek statue

Introduction: Michelangelo Buonarroti, one of the most influential artists of the Italian Renaissance, left an indelible mark on the world of art through his masterful works. While his sculptures and paintings at the Vatican and the Florence Cathedral are widely celebrated, his involvement at Siena Cathedral is often overshadowed. This essay explores Michelangelo’s contributions to Siena Cathedral, highlighting the convergence of his artistic brilliance and the cathedral’s architectural majesty.

Background on Siena Cathedral: Siena Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, stands as a testament to Gothic architecture and medieval religious devotion. Situated in the heart of the city of Siena, Italy, the cathedral boasts intricate marble facades, soaring spires, and a breathtaking interior. Construction of the cathedral began in the 12th century, and it continues to be a cherished cultural and spiritual landmark.

Michelangelo’s Connection to Siena Cathedral: In the early 16th century, Michelangelo was commissioned by the Opera del Duomo of Siena, the governing body responsible for overseeing the cathedral’s construction and maintenance. Despite the fact that his involvement was limited compared to his other renowned projects, such as the Sistine Chapel, his contributions at Siena Cathedral left an indelible impression.

Introduction: Michelangelo Buonarroti, one of the most influential artists of the Italian Renaissance, left an indelible mark on the world of art through his masterful works. While his sculptures and paintings at the Vatican and the Florence Cathedral are widely celebrated, his involvement at Siena Cathedral is often overshadowed. This essay explores Michelangelo’s contributions to Siena Cathedral, highlighting the convergence of his artistic brilliance and the cathedral’s architectural majesty.

Background on Siena Cathedral: Siena Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, stands as a testament to Gothic architecture and medieval religious devotion. Situated in the heart of the city of Siena, Italy, the cathedral boasts intricate marble facades, soaring spires, and a breathtaking interior. Construction of the cathedral began in the 12th century, and it continues to be a cherished cultural and spiritual landmark.

Michelangelo’s Connection to Siena Cathedral: In the early 16th century, Michelangelo was commissioned by the Opera del Duomo of Siena, the governing body responsible for overseeing the cathedral’s construction and maintenance. Despite the fact that his involvement was limited compared to his other renowned projects, such as the Sistine Chapel, his contributions at Siena Cathedral left an indelible impression.

Legacy and Influence: Michelangelo’s involvement at Siena Cathedral, though limited, left a lasting legacy. His contributions serve as a testament to his mastery of marble sculpture, his dedication to craftsmanship, and his ability to infuse spirituality and emotion into his works. Additionally, his unfinished projects offer glimpses into his creative process and continue to inspire contemporary artists.

Conclusion: Michelangelo’s influence on Siena Cathedral may be overshadowed by his more prominent works elsewhere, but his contributions remain significant. The Libreria Piccolomini and the statue of Saint Paul bear witness to his artistic genius and his ability to enhance the cathedral’s architectural splendor. While his unfinished projects may leave us longing for what might have been, they serve as a testament to the depth of his artistic vision.

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Ghiberti’s Baptistry Door at Florence Cathedral

Introduction: The Baptistry Door at Florence Cathedral, known as the “Gates of Paradise,” is one of the most celebrated and significant works of art in the history of Western civilization. Created by the Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, this masterpiece of Renaissance art stands as a testament to the artistic and cultural brilliance of Florence. The Baptistry Door not only showcases exceptional craftsmanship but also encapsulates profound religious symbolism and humanist ideals, making it an enduring symbol of the Florentine spirit and the Renaissance era.

Artistic Brilliance and Technical Mastery: The Baptistry Door consists of a set of bronze panels adorned with intricate relief sculptures. Ghiberti spent over two decades meticulously crafting these panels, displaying his exceptional skill as a sculptor. The craftsmanship demonstrated in the Baptistry Door is remarkable, with each panel featuring exquisite details and a sense of naturalism that brings the scenes to life. Ghiberti’s ability to manipulate the bronze material to create depth, texture, and perspective is a testament to his technical mastery.

The narrative scenes depicted on the panels tell stories from the Bible, such as the Creation of Adam and Eve, the Story of Noah, and the Sacrifice of Isaac. Ghiberti’s skillful composition and use of perspective give the figures a sense of movement and dramatic tension. The artistry displayed in the Baptistry Door reflects the ideals of the Renaissance, which emphasized the revival of classical aesthetics and the celebration of human potential.

Religious Symbolism and Iconography: Beyond its artistic brilliance, the Baptistry Door serves as a rich source of religious symbolism. The panels not only convey biblical narratives but also communicate deeper theological and philosophical themes. Ghiberti skillfully employed iconographic elements to convey spiritual ideas and engage the viewer in contemplation.

For instance, the central panel portrays the story of Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac, a tale that epitomizes the concept of faith and obedience. Ghiberti captures the emotional intensity of the moment, depicting the anguish and resolve of Abraham as he prepares to sacrifice his son. Through this scene, Ghiberti invites the viewer to reflect on the themes of sacrifice, devotion, and the complexities of human existence.

Humanist Ideals and Renaissance Spirit: The Baptistry Door stands as an embodiment of the spirit of the Renaissance, a period characterized by a renewed interest in human potential, intellectual curiosity, and artistic innovation. Ghiberti’s creation of the Baptistry Door marked a significant departure from the rigid medieval artistic tradition, showcasing a profound understanding of human anatomy, expression, and perspective.

The work also reflects the influence of humanist ideals, which placed a strong emphasis on the dignity and worth of the individual. The figures depicted on the panels possess a sense of individuality, with distinct facial expressions and gestures that convey their unique personalities. This humanistic approach to art was a departure from the medieval tradition that emphasized the spiritual and otherworldly.

The Influence and Legacy: The impact of the Baptistry Door on the art world cannot be overstated. Its exceptional craftsmanship and innovative approach to composition and perspective set new standards for artistic achievement. The success of Ghiberti’s work also led to him being commissioned to create a second set of doors for the Baptistry, which further solidified his status as a master sculptor.

Moreover, the Baptistry Door became a source of inspiration for future generations of artists and sculptors. Its influence can be seen in the works of renowned artists such as Michelangelo and Donatello, who were inspired by Ghiberti’s innovative use of relief sculpture and mastery of bronze casting techniques.

The original set of doors created by Lorenzo Ghiberti for the Florence Baptistery is no longer in place. Due to preservation concerns, the original doors were replaced with replicas, and the original panels were moved to the Museo dell’Opera del Duomo (Museum of the Works of the Cathedral) in Florence. The museum houses a collection of sculptures, artifacts, and artwork related to the Florence Cathedral complex, including Ghiberti’s original panels from the Baptistry Door. Visitors to the museum have the opportunity to admire and appreciate these historical and artistic treasures up close.

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More Photos: Anti-Bosnian War Protest, Trafalgar Square, circa 1994

With the extradition of Abu Hamza and four others to the USA for prosecution for alleged  terrorist acts, maybe a really bad era for Britain has finally come to an end. It also reminded me of my first experience of Islam in action, so to speak. It was at a Balkans War demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London.

This era was not the finest hours for Western governments given their inability to prevent the slaughter of innocent men, women and children across the Balkans during the early 1990s.

Anyway during the demonstration several of the Muslims started praying. Not something Trafalgar Square had witnessed before I thought. So I started snapping the proceedings.

Maybe Abu Hamza was amongst the demonstrators? His poison certainly spread rapidly during the 1990s Whatever the case, Britain was about to experience some violent and poisonous times culminating in despicable terrorist acts on the streets of London. Hard to believe looking at these peaceful proceedings.

All Photographs circa 1994, during a demonstration against the Balkan war. Copyright the author. Ilford HP4

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The veil and niqab controversy and the historical perspective

With France possibly on the verge of banning the wearing of niqabs in public and the UKIP calling for a ban over here in the UK, HD thought a republishing of this piece from 2006 was relevant:

‘…In the spring of 1938, Lord Athlone and Princess Alice made their way across the deserts of Central Arabia on the first ever Royal visit to what we now know as Saudi Arabia. Princess Alice, to placate local hostilities, ‘donned the Arab veil and robes in deference to the custom of a very masculine country…’ state The Times report of the visit. During the Royal visit, the Saudi monarch, King Abdul Aziz dined for the first time with a woman and treated the Royal visitors to a banquet of ten sheep for the occasion, so the report continues.
Amongst much political consternation in Europe, especially from Mussolini who thought that Britain was ‘interfering in the politics of Asia’ the Royal visit was an apparent success. The somewhat minor point concerning the Princess covering the female body in the presence of men, did not come under any further public deliberations back home. It was after all the Saudi custom and the Royals obliged their esteemed host.
The current controversy concerning the wearing of the veil in the UK is a fascinating contrast to the distant times of pre-WWII Britain and the flexibility of Royal protocol where prudent to adjust, can actually pay off. It is also a poignant reminder of how times have changed in both our own country and elsewhere.
In 1933 another Times correspondent reported on Turkey’s tenth year celebrations of becoming a republic. The reporter comments on what they described as an ‘astonishing change in the position of Turkish women’. Throwing off ‘Muslim medievalism’, the report continues, they have discarded the wearing of the veil in the cities and were also beginning to abandon it in the villages too. The most important aspect of the then contemporary status of Turkish women was their entry into ‘almost every aspect of national life’. Admirable as this sounds, I do suspect that compared to today’s Turkey, the Turkish women of 1933 must have appeared to be somewhat oppressed.
Even so, these two reports highlight some of the changes that the Islamic world has undergone during the twentieth century in the name of emancipation. Through the 1960’s and 70’s the rise of feminism added fervour to the progress of women across the globe and shedding of the veil continued at a pace.
By the 1980’s, in some parts of the Islamic world, the veil started to re-appear as standard dress. This has been attributed to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in countries such as Iran and Egypt. Since then it has progressed almost unabated across the Islamic.
The current veil controversy in the UK, may denote an act of faith on behalf of muslim women, but on the other hand it connotes a growing concern over the rapid progress of Islamic fundamentalism across Europe. The metaphor of the veil, as I have stated it previously, has therefore deeper and more serious implications to Britain, Europe and the rest of the Western world.
Britain today, is in a crisis of identity. I do not doubt the complexity of the situation or underestimate the difficulties in solving our problems. As an Englishman, I have values that were firstly grafted onto me by my family and my small town community in which I grew up through the 1950’s and 60’s. If time had stopped at 1969, say, I think the definition of being British would have been an easier task than it is today.
Since then, exposure to a multicultural society in cities such as Leeds and London, have led me to rethink on a broader basis my opinions on what it is to be British. Being objective though, is still not an easy task even for someone who has a wide life experience. As Thomas Nagel points out in his text “View From Nowhere’, it is ‘…objectivity [that] is a method of understanding. It is beliefs and attitudes that are objective in the primary sense…’. It is these attitudes and beliefs that seem to be at the heart of our current dilema.
I no longer possess the same misconceptions I once might have nurtured concerning ‘difference’. When I am confronted with the question about multiculturalism, I cannot understand why the question is even being asked let alone respond in anything but a constructive way. All societies progress through integration and Britain is no exception. If there is a failure to integrate then we are all in the wrong. It cannot be a one-sided affair. Therefore attitudes have to change on all sides.
Where I do have a real problem is in the expansion of fundamentalist views, whether they be Islamic, Christian or for that matter, any other narrow-based faith viewpoint. I find it hard to be objective in the light of these narrow sometimes backward looking views. I must also make the point that looking back is not a one-sided affair either. If the Islamic fundamentalist view is seen to be towards medievalism then it can be no surprise that others might cite the more traditional western approach to Britishness and its historically learnt values of behaviour. Thus I can see where the veil is metaphorical and hangs limply between the two conflicting viewpoints. In order to lift the veil, again attitudes must change.
The British government have cleverly opened the real debate and in contrast, Islam has seen the plot. My suspicion is that the government aims are more about swinging majority opinion towards the more traditional and therefore Christian values of society than they are towards the acceptance of the multiculturalists status quo. Only time will tell…’  first published in October 2006

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A Rant to be ignored….




The ramblings of a probable lunatic:
The market will find its own low anyway. A period of strict money control will be good if a bit painful.
It's New Year already!!! Are you joking? How many new years to Jews want? Do they get them wholesale and move them on at will? Microwave ovens!
The Day of Atonement is an apt time to contemplate the next move so maybe the new year will pass without a hitch.
Question: How come Visa and Mastercard are not in trouble? Or are they? Is it because they franchise it out to the banks and rake off a commission from both sides?
I suppose some were moving money out of B&B today since they already had money in Abbey or A&L. Where to go? Co-op?
Co-op Divis! I liked the divi! I also liked the pipes in the Co-op stores where they put the money and it went to a cash desk and back again with the change and receipt. I was so impressed, then I was only 6 or so and it was so magic to watch.
Catechismic the man just said on the Beeb. I think they mean cateclysmic unles I am missing some Christian meaning here! Not even easy to say let alone get my head around it.
So it's all down to 9/11. I can accept that. Prop up a failing capitalist system when you get kicked in the balls. Yes, reaction to 9/11 is to blame for all this stuff. It's the echo of two planes crashing into the Towers.
Even Gandalf understood the importance of the two towers, or Tolkein or both.
And today the far right took a hold of Austria. Nobody gave a second thought. Anyone want to move there? Take your jackboots and get yourself a gun since Austria has the most guns in circulation in the EU after France, but France is a backward rural country I think!
They never even paid back much of the Nazi loot they took did they and now it starts all over again.
Did any Austrian bank go bust today? I doubt it, they stash it all away in Switzerland don't they? Along with the Nazi loot.
Why is a Belgian bank (Fortis) so important to Europe? Good heavens it's Belgian! Anyone know an important live Belgian? I don't. If I did I'd shoot them probably, can't have anyone upsetting the jokes equilibrium.
That 700 billion would be enough to give 300 dollars (although my maths is poor) to every man, woman and child on earth. Just imagine how that would change the lives of most African children.
All this on the day Dave's second in command gives us a promise of no council tax increases for 2 years or more.
Did you get the sub-plot? 'If the councils join the scheme..' he quietly added. What scheme? The one that will cancel the free bus travel? Who knows with politicians. Never trust a politician.
Mind you I'd love to see a Pepsi advert with Barny Frank (US) and Gordon Brown.
'…PEPSI…Lip Smacking Gob Dropping Good For Yer…'
HD

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Palin to Insignificance -Please!




There is much talk about Sarah Palin the chosen one for US Vice-Presidency. Babies, Unmarried Mothers to be, Guns and God. HD has looked at some interesting information regarding the website of the Church that Sarah was once a member. This is all the website states now:
'…Governor Sarah Palin did attend Wasilla Assembly of God since the time she was a teenager. She and her family were a part of the church up until 2002. Since that time she has maintained a friendship with Wasilla Assembly of God and has attended various conferences and special meetings here. This June [2008], the Governor spoke at the graduation service of our School of Ministry, Master’s Commission Wasilla Alaska…'.
The site was taken down when inquisitive hacks started to probe the church, its message and Palin's beliefs. The former pages have all been removed on the pretext of technical difficulties. That is plausible of course. Hundreds, perhaps thousands of hits per hour in search of the word so to speak. It can get costly as very successful bloggers will tell you. Nothing is free, ever!
Not content to be passed off by such statements, HD decided to dig a little deeper to see what was there in the ether. There is always an echo somewhere and HD knows how to find it. Low and behold HD's innate ability to find something from nothing came up trumps, frightening trumps as they appear now to be. Nothing the Governor said mind, not on record anyway here. That has been wiped along with much evidence of the church's second site : www.wasillaag.net and its contents.
HD publishes then some extracts from these former pages for your inspection and evaluation. I am no theologian but some of the wording is quite frightening to a mere mortal as I.
Here for instance is a series of sermons that Pastor Ed Kalnins gave between September 19th 2004 and October 31st 2004.
Series Title: Possessing Your Destiny In The Land
The “Possessing Your Destiny In The Land” Series looks at the strongholds of the mind that are identified in Deuteronomy 7.1. Those nations are, in reality, mindsets that would try to keep you from walking in your God-given inheritance. Pastor Ed Kalnins ministered these messages, believing that they are the key to unlocking what God has for you in the Lord.
September 19 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Maintaining the Coming Revival (part 1)
September 26 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Maintaining the Coming Revival (part 2) The Canaanite Spirit
October 3 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Dealing With The Ammorite Spirit
October 10 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Tearing Down The Nations: Hittites & Hivites
October 24 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Overcoming The Gergashites
October 31 2004 Pastor Ed Kalnins Overcoming Perizzites and Jebusites
For each session there was a recording that could be listened to from the website.
Deuteronomy 7.1 basically states that '… the Lord your God brings you into the land which you are entering to take possession of it, and clears away many nations before you…' and continues '…you must utterly destroy them…'.
I repeat that I am no theologian and leave it to others to interpret why the Wasilla Assembly of God would want to produce sermons on this Deuteronomy but it cannot be rocket science that takes me from this to Guns and God talk.
I have no idea what was said but it is up to the Wasilla Assembly of God church to now produce those recordings as evidence of their benign intentions. Anything else is open to judgment along with its implications with respect to Governor Palin who maintains '…a friendship with Wasilla Assembly of God and has attended various conferences and special meetings here…' [Wasilla.org website September 3rd 2008].
During the same year the Evangelist John Bevere attended the church. His book 'Drawing Near' 2004 and it is likely his visit was in connection with promotion. However Bevere runs Messenger Media a provider of audio/visual recording equipment to ministries in the USA. Maybe Bevere has a copy of the above audio tapes?
Wasilla also has a youth movement which at one time had a website: namelessyouth.com. That does not work either but HD has seen the ghosts…and if they can put some names to faces maybe Palin's daughter figures here somewhere. Certainly she should have discussed her problems if the youth Pastor Lopez and his wife Mindy are concerned. They invite all Wasilla citizens to come and talk about their relationships. My best guess is that she did not do so and got pregnant anyway.
Here is the video re: God and Leaders.

HD

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Teenage Oath of Allegiance: Yeah But No But




Good idea provided the political class in the whole of the UK take an allegiance to
Not act on self interest
Not spend public money for their own advancement
Not cynically state that their aim is to eradicate poverty and then charge the cost of their mortgages to the taxpayers
Not say how green we should all be then jet of on some freebie to the Carribean in the interests of basically themselves
Not make moral statements about the people of this country then go off shag their secretary behind their wife's/husband's backs
And as for former Attorney Generals not support war that is clearly illegal in international law
And not stand in the way of the legal process on behalf of a bunch of self-interested Arab businessmen
Only then I might consider it a good idea
HD